Ethos, Logos, Pathos, And Malcolm X - 1901 Words

Declan Gunn Professor Cho Literature of the Americas October 13th, 2017 Ethos, Logos, Pathos, and Malcolm X Aristotle contends that persuasive speech is composed of three elements: ethos, logos, and pathos. In debate, we use these to construct our arguments. The first principle, ethos, can be expressed as a claim. The claim is the core of the argument; everything else goes to support it. I will commence this essay with the following claim: Malcolm X is not his own man. He is merely a mirror, an empty shell with a loud voice who echoes time and again the views of his mentors. This is why his beliefs change so often throughout his life: when his father, Shorty, and Elijah Muhammad respectively take him under their wings, they wipe the†¦show more content†¦When he tells his teacher he might want to be a lawyer, he is rebuked with racism: â€Å"‘A lawyer-- that’s no realistic goal for a n****r.’†(38) He sees then that his work to become the top student and class president has all been for naught. It doesn’t matter how hard he tries: â€Å"They didn’t give me credit for having the same sensitivity, intellect, and understanding that they would have been ready and willing to recognize in a white boy in my position.†(28) This realization breaks something in him: when he realizes that whites will never deign to accept him into their society, he loses trust in what his fat her stood for. â€Å"‘You’re acting so strange,’† his classmates and coworkers tell him.(37) Malcolm changes; he rejects all outer stimuli and retreats deeper into himself, hopeless without a paragon of success to emulate. â€Å"‘You don’t seem like yourself, Malcolm. What’s that matter?’†(37) In losing his role model, Malcolm has become a wanderer without a path to follow. Adrift within a sea of his own thoughts, Malcolm moves to Boston. Suddenly, his world is devoid of white schoolteachers or people of color who believe their inferiority. He is surrounded by the lights and sounds of the lindy-hopping world of black Americans, for once â€Å"proud of [their] very dark skin. This was unheard of among Negroes in those days.†(34) But still he is lost; without a mentor to mirror who can showShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X : The Rhetorical Analysis Of Malcom Xs Speech968 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 22, 1964, Malcolm X delivered his speech, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet.† Malcolm X, a minister of the Nation of Islam, and a revolutionary advocate of nationalism in the black community, imparted this speech with the intent to reach the black population in a time of change. The adept use of ethos, pathos, and logos to build and maintain a compelling argument, brings about a call to action and firmly conveys his ideas within the black community. Within e thos, pathos, and logos, the implicationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1831 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive writing is most effective when all three rhetorical appeals, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos, come together to form an indisputable argument. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X are two of the most influential figures of the past few decades; similarly, their work is summarized as some of the most persuasive and controversial of all time. The audience of both of their pieces, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† include oppressed African Americans and the white oppressorsRead MoreA Closer Look at Malcolm Xs Tactics Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Malcolm X was a civil right activist in the 1960. Malcolm X’s public speech, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† was a famous speech that motivated black communities to push for their civil right. Malcolm X was a radical and an advocate of violence. The purpose of Malcolm X speech was to convince his audience and the black community to come together as one and fight for their civil rights in America. He also convinces his audience to be more aware of how the government is treating them. Malcolm X uses ethosRead MoreWhat does Tone have to do with it?1470 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. King was a Baptist minister and humanitarian. X was a Muslim minister and activist. However, the two possessed diametrically opposed political philosophies. King pursued social reform by following in the peaceful tradition set forth by Mahatma Gandhi (Dasa). Malcolm X, on the other hand, was not averse to using violence. During the African-American Civil Rights Movement that occurred between 1954-1968 in the United States, X and King delivered a number ofRead MoreThe Ballot Or The Bullet Speech1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ballot or the Bullet speech addressed by Malcolm X, a well-known black nationalist, sought to persuade those of color that the only way to overcome the civil-rights struggle was to give it a new explanation, being the ballot or the bullet. Throughout the speech he expresses his deep dismay in the black community’s ongoing conflict of political oppression, economic exploitation, and social humiliation. Through ethos, logos, and pathos Malcolm made his audience re-evaluate their existing visionRead MoreMalcolm X Speech Summary739 Words   |  3 PagesThe speech by Malcolm X that was given at the King Solomon Baptist Church, Detroit, Michigan on April 12, 1964 was a very emotional speech that was intended to motivate the African American community to vote. Malcolm X uses pathos very successfully in this speech. He believes the key to change the situation in the black community is the Negro vote. He believes the government has failed the black people and that they are a victim of the Democracy. Malcolm X believes that African Americans willRea d More Approach to Persuasion Essay example1346 Words   |  6 Pagesbelief, these are three these artistic or intrinsic proofs. Aristotle calls them Ethos, Pathos and Logos. The appeals to reason - Logos is the use logical arguments, logic, rhetoric, the scientific method and proof to persuade. In contrary, the appeal to emotion - Pathos, is the use of advertising, faith, presentation and imagination, propaganda, seduction, tradition and pity for persuasion. Furthermore, Ethos is a Greek word meaning character that is used to describe the guiding beliefs orRead MoreHistory, Souls Of Black Folk, And Negro History763 Words   |  4 Pagesnostalgic tone suddenly transitions to formal, X advances his essay with worldwide findings on race. Identifying the hidden history, Books such as Wonders of the World, Story of Civilization, Outline of History, Souls of Black Folk, and Negro History (para. 22), offer X a more comprehensive African history other than the â€Å"whitened† (pa ra. 19) history of slavery. While enumerating ignored sources of history from his research, X strengthens logos and ethos and connotes a contrast to the setting of thisRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Am By Assata Shakur960 Words   |  4 PagesJr., Malcolm X, and Assata Shakur. In particular, Assata Shakur was a leader of the Black Power Movement (BPM). Through her struggles, Shakur educates her audience, this is written on a blog but spoken out loud at the time, on how there is racial bias and injustice. By applying a wide range of rhetorical devices, Shakur uses her position as a Black Liberation Army leader to motivate African Americans to fight for the Black Power Movement. As Shakur begins her speech, she introduces pathos into herRead MoreInterpreting Malcom Xs Ballot or the Bullet558 Words   |  2 PagesInterpreting Malcolm X’s Ballot or the Bullet His name alone is a protest to the minds of the Caucasians of his time. TheÂâ€" X symbolizes the rejection of the ‘re-naming and the absence of an inherited African name to take its place, given to him from Caucasian slave owners or the racist and prejudice America. It was common for them to be given slave names during this time. Similarly, in his speech The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X cursed the actions of the white population without any attempts

Power and Manipulation Essay - 771 Words

Throughout human history’s course, women hardly retained free speech rights. The men possessed an absolute authority over females because they had strength and larger duties. However, women’s low societal position confined them from seeking independence, security, and achievements. The general public’s analysis was strictly constrained to female domestic tasks. If one defied the social structure, the consequences would result condemnation and shame on the entire family. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice contain many underlying information regarding women’s hierarchy status, maintaining social distinctions and obligations, and acquiring power. Although Jane Austen concentrates on developing the female characters, she also distinctly†¦show more content†¦Women did not have the opportunity to decide their future; the patriarch often chose his daughters’ fates. Individualism in an ideal society cannot exist because it destroys the peoples’ order and beliefs. Class distinction through status and money help regulate the social hierarchy. If an individual obstructs the balance, chaos and hostility among the groups would occur. For instance, the Bennets risk the opportunity for societal advancement to Lydia’s carelessness. Lydia Bennet’s infamous elopement cause humiliation for her family; Elizabeth says, â€Å"If you were aware, of the very great disadvantage to us all, which must arise from the public notice of Lydias unguarded and imprudent manner.† (Austen ch.41). Elizabeth’s comments demonstrate the importance of following society’s rules rather than jeopardizing family relations. For example, Lady Catherine’s continual command over the inferiors assures her high position. When Elizabeth prepares for dinner, her friend Charlotte says, â€Å"Lady Catherine will not think the worse of you fo r being simply dressed. She likes to have the distinction of rank preserved. (Austen 1.ch.6.6); this quote demonstrates the struggle women possess regarding power. The underlying emotion Lady Catherine retains consists of fear and uncertainty. She thrives for power and success, therefore removing her dominance would set upShow MoreRelatedThe Power of Manipulation Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe power of manipulation is a very powerful tool and can easily be misused to benefit the person who uses it, while harming the people who are subject to its effects. If left unchecked a large group can be controlled by a single person. Much of this manipulation has been seen through nations seeking to control the populous, such as in Germany during World War II, in order to maintain an illusion. The manipulation used by Nurse Ratched and McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew OverRead MoreThe Power of Manipulation Essay784 Words   |  4 Pages57-61) Macbeth was never ridded of his free will. In fact, he was never strong enough to walk away from it. Furthermore, he fails to realize what lead him to commit murders in the first place- bloody promises, but nevertheless, promises of wealth and power. Promises that were made by the Three Witches, who never gave much importance as to what would happen to Macbeth. They valued what would bring them entertainment. Once they saw the abyss that Macbeth had thrown himself into, they, with Hecate’s supportRead MoreJane Eyre - Power and Manipulation2259 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Jane’s relationship with Rochester in the early part of the novel is based not on love but control, manipulation and secrecy. She does well to escape† On Jane’s first meeting with Rochester, he immediately asserts his control without Jane even realising, his whole presence suggests that he has a powerful awe about him. He broke the medieval trance that Jane was in, â€Å"The man, the human being, broke the spell at once† she was expecting a Gytrash, a mystical creature that lies in wait of lonely travellersRead MoreHandmaids Tale - Manipulation of Power Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesTHE HANDMAID’S TALE Grade 11 English Analytical Essay Words: 1 245 Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is a disturbing novel that displays the presence and manipulation of power. This is displayed throughout the novel and is represented significantly in three ways. As the book takes place in the republic of Gilead, the elite in society are placed above every other individual who are not included in their level. Secondly, men are placed at the top of the chain and they significantly overpowerRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale : Manipulation Of Power1516 Words   |  7 Pageschanges Manipulation of Power in The Handmaid s Tale 116PAGES ON THIS WIKI View source Comments0 Anna Krainc Prof. Richards Gender in Literature 29 January 2013 Manipulation of Power in The Handmaid’s Tale The Handmaid’s Tale tells the story of a future dystopia where individuals use power from their position in society to manipulate others. The Commander, a high-up in Gilead’s hierarchy, initiates a forbidden, though at first non-sexual, affair with his Handmaid and uses his power to directRead MoreEssay on Power and Manipulation in The Ladies Paradise1878 Words   |  8 PagesPower and Manipulation in The Ladies Paradise As the world has grown throughout the centuries, females have generally been under the domination of males. This remained culturally entrenched until the late nineteenth century, when women began to appear in public more often and also began to join alongside men in the work force. In the network of employees and employers in the emerging institution of the Parisian department store, men and women depended on each other for survival in the workplaceRead MoreThe Inclusivity And Exclusivity Associated With Power And Manipulation Of Cliques1256 Words   |  6 PagesAssociated with the Power and Manipulation of Cliques The centralization of growth is and has always been fundamental to one’s adaptability, accountability, responsibility, and the fitness of one’s proclivity or appetite for power. The learner’s research paper contains writings about cliques in the work force and in the body of believers, the church. Clique may be defined as ones circle of involvement in which those with influence, leaders in particular, brandish power and manipulation over those in theirRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find: The Power of Manipulation Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesThe Misfit was no exception to her ways of manipulation but her efforts came up short. Her actions, in many ways, could be compared to species of prey as they use their unique characteristics to elude the grasp of their predators. Just as the speed of the gazelle against the strength of the lion, the grandmother’s intelligence could be compared to the Misfit’s need for vengeance. When some people can see death coming, they will do anything in their power to avoid it. The grandmother knew who she wasRead MoreManipulation Of Power In George Orwells 1984 By George Orwell779 Words   |  4 Pages Manipulation of the Mind After capturing Winston Smith for thought crime, O’Brien describes real power as â€Å"tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your choosing† (Orwell 266). By this he explains that true power is being able to choose what people minds think. In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, Winston, a Ministry of Truth worker who hates the Party, slowly starts to disobey the Party rules such as having freedom of thought and individuality. He entrustsRead MorePsychological Manipulation And Social Psychology1112 Words   |  5 PagesManipulation Influences There are many factors that affect and influence the behavior exhibited by people. These factors can be either positive or negative in nature. The behaviors exhibited can also be defined as positive or negative. Psychological manipulation, also known as emotional manipulation, is categorized as one of the negative behaviors exhibited by some individuals. Psychological manipulation is a form of covert aggression used to gain control and power over an unsuspecting individual

Aiding Children of Drug and Alcohol Addicted Parents and Siblings Free Essays

As the child gets older, he or she becomes aware of the existence of many things that would help him or her to become a mature individual. In other words, the society will have a very important role in molding the youth to become responsible people in the future. However, regardless of a better society, the child learns at home first before he or she becomes exposed to what the society can teach to him or her. We will write a custom essay sample on Aiding Children of Drug and Alcohol Addicted Parents and Siblings or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the parents or siblings are taking illegal drugs, the health and well-being of the child will definitely be affected (Parenting and Child Health). Addiction to drugs and alcohol would affect the development of the child and the possibility of being a drug user in the future is high (Marina McKeganay 554). There are many consequences in drug addiction of a member of the family. It may lead to domestic violence and may cause depression to the child (Hope Networks). Moreover, the child may imitate the acts of taking alcohol and using drugs in the future (Zuckerman et al 758). Many proposals have been suggested to lessen the cases of violence due to drug abuse but the society often end up facing the dilemma of having too many people that keep on taking alcohol improperly and using illegal drugs. Even the government has amended laws to reduce the number of children that are victims of the consequences of drug use (Keheller et al 1586). One of the most popular techniques of reducing the problems with drugs and alcohol is the family treatment. The family having a problem with drugs is being treated in order to avoid the possible family conflicts in the future (Miller 1046). Drug addiction is often being paid attention only when the member of the family is already affected. Many health professionals may have been successful in treating the victims of alcohol and drug addiction which made people realized that problems brought by alcohol and drugs can easily be fixed (Fleming 95). This perception is one of the most common misconceptions of the society regarding societal problems. The society often fails to realize that the treatment can be most effective before the result of drug addiction takes place. In other words, people should answer the problems of drugs and alcohol even before the society gets affected by its consequences. How to cite Aiding Children of Drug and Alcohol Addicted Parents and Siblings, Papers

Computer game free essay sample

Computer games are programs that enable a player to interact with a virtual game environment for entertainment and fun. There are many types of computer games available, ranging from traditional card games to more advanced video games such as role playing games and adventure games. In this chapter, we first discuss the different types of computer games. The architecture of computer games is also described. Finally, the programming environment that is used to build the computer games is discussed. 1. 1 Types of Computer Games Although computer games mainly provide entertainment and fun, it also improves hand/eye coordination and problem-solving skills. Each game has its own strategy, action and fantasy that make each game unique and interesting. Generally, we can classify computer games into the following types: card games, board games, puzzles, maze, fighting, action, adventure, role playing, strategy, sports and simulation games. However, the classification is a fuzzy concept, as many games are hybrids that fall into more than one class. For example, Doomcan be classified either as a maze game or an action game, while Monopoly can be classified as a board game or strategy game. The different types of computer games are briefly described as follows: Card Games They are computerized versions of traditional card games, or games which are essentially like card games in that they are primarily card-based (such as solitaire). Examples of card games include Blackjack , Bridge , Casino , Solitaire and Video Poker . Board Games They are adaptations of classic board games. Examples of board games include Chess , Checkers , Backgammon , Scrabble and Monopoly . Puzzles Puzzle games aim at figuring out of a solution, which often involves solving enigmas, navigation, learning how to use different tools, and the manipulating or reconfiguring of objects. Mastermind and Tetris are examples of puzzle games. Maze Maze games require the successful navigation of a maze. Mazes can be viewed in different ways. For example, they may appear in an overhead view (as in Pac-Man ), or first-person perspective (as in Doom ). Fighting Fighting games involve characters who fight usually hand-to-hand, in one-to-one combat situations. The fighters are usually represented as humans or animated characters. Fighting games include Street Fighter , Avengers and Body Slam . 2 Action Action games involve the human player shoots at a series of opponents or objects. Traditional action games include Space Invaders , Asteroids , etc. The recent popular action games are Doom , Quake , Descent , Half-Life and Unreal that involve the human player to control a character in a virtual environment to save the world from the forces of evil by using deadly force. Adventure Adventure games are different from action games. They emphasize more on the story, plot and puzzle solving rather than simply catching, shooting, capturing, or escaping. The human player must solve puzzles while adventuring. Characters are usually able to carry objects, such as weapons, keys, tools, etc. The settings of these games often evoke a particular historical time period and place, such as the middle ages or Arthurian England, or are thematically related to content-based types such as Science Fiction, Fantasy, or Espionage. Examples of adventure games include Adventure , Zork , Haunted House , Raiders of the Lost Ark and Superman . Role Playing In role playing games, players can take on different types of character. The character’s description may include specifics such as species, race, gender, and occupation, and may also include various abilities, such as strength and dexterity. In the virtual game world, the player goes on quests, fights monsters and improves the capability of the character on strength and magic. Example games include Diablo , Dungeons Dragons and Ultima . Many role playing games are also networked games that allow more than one player to play and interact in the same game world over the network such as the Internet or LAN (Local Area Network). Everquest and Ultima Online are networked role playing games. Strategy Strategy games emphasize the use of strategy as opposed to fast action or the use of quick reflexes. Traditional strategy games include Chess , Monopoly , and Othello . In recent popular strategy games such as Age of Empire , Warcraft and Close Combat , the player can control many combat units to do battle against one or more opponents. In these games, the player needs to resolve the problem of resource allocation, and organization of defenses and attacks. Sports Sports games are adaptations of existing real-world sports or variations of them. The most popular sports games include American Football , Baseball , Boxing , Fishing , Soccer , Tennis , Volleyball and Golf . Simulation There are two types of simulation games: management simulation and training simulation. Management simulation games refer to those games in which players must manage the use of limited resources to build or expand some kind of community, institution or empire. Example management simulation games include Railroad Tycoon ; 3 SimAnt , and SimCity . For training simulation games, it refers to games that attempt to simulate a realistic situation, for the purpose of training. Through the game simulation, it helps the player to develop some physical skills, such as steering as in driving and flight simulation games. Example training simulation games include Police Trainer , Gunship and Flight Unlimited . 1. 2 Game Design A computer game can be just a C application program. Figure 1. 1 shows the architecture of a typical computer game. It consists of the following components: Input, Game Logic, Graphics/Sound Support, Game Output and Networking. They are briefly described as follows: †¢ Input – Users interact with the game program through input devices. Common input devices include keyboard, mouse or joystick. †¢ Game Logic – It implements the game logic or game code that handles most of the basic mechanics of game. Generally, before the game logic is developed, the story line on how the game is played and how the players should interact should be designed. Simple physics, networking support and animations should be planned. In some advanced games, artificial intelligence (AI) and collision detection are also implemented in this step. †¢ Graphics Rendering Engine It has complicated code to efficiently identify and render the game objects and background from a two-dimensional (3-D) model of the environment. It supports transformation of objects that are moved, rotated and scaled when required. †¢ Graphics/Sound Drivers – The graphics drivers receive requests from the rendering engine to the graphics library using APIs. Windows APIs and Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) provide two-dimensional (2-D) graphics support for PCs. For supporting both 2-D and 3-D graphics, OpenGL and DirectX are the two most popular graphics libraries. DirectX also provides libraries for music and sound support. †¢ Game Output – The generated 2-D or 3-D graphics is output to the display. The generated sound effect or music is output to the sound card. †¢ Networking It provides networking protocol support that allows several users in remote locations to play and interact in the same game environment. In a networked game environment, a server is needed to maintain information on which the virtual game world is supporting, communicates with game clients that are used by players to provide them with information about the shared environment. The server also needs to synchronize the information, and maintain the consistent scenes of the virtual game world among the networked clients. When a game program begins execution, it should first initialize the memory, loads images and sound files, starts the graphics and set up variables such as scores. After initialization, the game logic then starts. When the game session ends, housekeeping is also needed to update sound effects, update and display scores, update data structures, etc. The user can end this session or go back to the game logic to start the game again. 4 Figure 1. 1: Computer game architecture. 1. 3 Story Line To design a successful computer game, it is important to have a good story line, together with good 2-D and 3-D graphics, and sound effects to make the computer game seem realistic. The story line should be first developed before we start developing a game. To develop a story line, we need to determine the following: †¢ The type of the game – We need to classify the nature of the game into one of the categories that we have discussed in Section 1. 1. Different types of game have different requirements, for example, role playing games requires realism in graphics and sound effects, whereas some strategy games emphasize on strategy rather than realism, and simplified display would be enough for such games. †¢ The goal of the game – We need to tell the player what to do to succeed in the game. In a space war game, the goal is to shoot down as many space invaders as possible. In a fighting game, the goal is to defeat or kill the opponent. †¢ The player’s performance in the game – We need to decide how to rate the players for their performance. This should indicate how close they have achieved the goal of the game. In general, we use a total score as a player’s performance indicator. In addition, when the player has achieved the goal, we also need to determine how to reward the player. †¢ The rules of the game – We need to tell the players how to play the game. Instructions on how to operate the keyboard or mouse in order to play the game should be explained. 1. 4 Computer Graphics and Sound Effects Visual effects of graphics and special sound effects are important to help establish the story line and provide the illustrations that make the player to feel part of the game. Many simple games rely only on 2-D graphics, which draws points, lines, and filled shapes such as rectangle and polygons in a plane. Graphics functions provided from Windows API (application Programming Interface) or Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library on Windows environment support 2-D graphics. Advanced computer games often require to handle 3-D objects. Microsoft DirectX supports advanced 3-D graphics on Windows platform. Instead of just supporting the Windows platform, OpenGL supports 2-D and 3- D graphics on both Unix and Windows environment. Apart from 2-D and 3-D graphics, image display and manipulation is another important technique for game development. In many games, we can use a scanner to digitize pictures into images and used them as graphical elements in the display. We can also manipulate the images through scaling and rotation. Animation of images is another 5 popular technique employed in many games. Windows API and MFC library provides functions for image display and manipulation. Sound is another important element that can make a computer game look realistic. Windows and MFC library only support the generation of only one tone at a time. However, with an optional sound card, most computer games can generate more complex sound effects. To support game development, Microsoft DirectX provides the DirectX Audio subsystem that supports music and stereo sound effects. OpenGL library does not provide any support for sound effects. In this section, we briefly review some of the graphics libraries including Windows API, MFC library, DirectX and OpenGL. Windows API and MFC Library Windows is a very important subsystem in Microsofts operating system. It makes Microsofts 32 bit Windows API available to application programs. Windows API contains functions for Graphics Device Interface (GDI) that allows users to draw and write in a window. The GDI functions let users display graphics in Windows using a device context object such as a display or a printer. Device context is designed to isolate a Windows program from the physical output device, so that when you call GDI functions for all graphics output, it accesses the specific device driver. GDI provides vector drawing functions that can draw graphical objects such as lines, rectangles, ellipses and polygons; text output functions to display text in a window; bitmap manipulation functions to display and manipulate images; and palette management functions to exploit the colors. MFC library provides a set of functions to control text and graphics output. It is object- oriented and the key class is the CDC class that defines a class of device context objects. The CDC object provides member functions for working with a device context. Similar to Windows GDI, the member functions provide operations to support drawing of lines, simple shapes, ellipses and polygons, drawing of text and working with fonts, colors and palettes. In addition, member functions are also provided for working with viewport, working with regions, mapping and clipping. DirectX The goal of DirectX is to make Microsoft Windows a desirable platform for game development. It aims at shifting the burden of hardware support from the game developers to the hardware manufacturers, who are more qualified to write drivers for their products than the game developers. However, DirectX is not a game-creation package. It only aids in the development of applications through the use of APIs designed to interface directly with the computer’s hardware. If the hardware is equipped with DirectX drivers, access can be granted to the accelerated functions, which that device provides. If no accelerated functions exist, DirectX will emulate them. Hence, the programmer can continue to work on a consistent interface without worrying about things such as hardware features. If a feature does not exist on the card, it is likely that the feature will work through DirectX’s emulation functions. 6 Thus, DirectX is a set of low-level application programming interfaces for creating games and other high-performance multimedia applications. It includes support for 2-D and 3-D graphics, sound effects and music, input devices, and support for networked applications such as multiplayer games. DirectX 8 has the following major components: †¢ DirectX Graphics It is a complete 3-D graphics system. †¢ DirectX Audio It includes sound and music systems that provides a complete system for implementing a dynamic soundtrack. †¢ DirectPlay It is a set of tools that simplify communications across the networks, the Internet or modems. The tools allow game players to find game sessions easily to help manage the flow between servers and players. †¢ DirectInput It provides the game developer with an interface to myriad input devices, such as keyboards, mouse and joysticks. OpenGL OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) as a multi-purpose, platform- independent graphics API. The development of OpenGL has been overseen by the OpenGL Architecture Review Board (ARB), which is made up of major graphics vendors and manuafacturers since 1992. ARB is responsible for establishing and maintaining the OpenGL specification. The current release of OpenGL is at version 1. 3. Unlike DirectX which is now at its eighth version, the OpenGL specification is quite stable which does not get updated often. OpenGL is a collection of several hundred functions providing access to all the features offered by the graphics hardware. This includes 2-D image scaling, rendering 3-D objects including spheres, cylinders, and disks, coloring, lighting, blending, and so on. The API is a powerful, low-level rendering and modeling software library available on all major platforms. It is designed for use in any graphics applications, from games to modeling to Computer Aided Design (CAD). Many computer games such as Quake 3 have used OpenGL for their core graphics-rendering engines. Under Windows environment, OpenGL provides an alternative to using the Graphics Device Interface (GDI). GDI is designed to make the graphics hardware entirely invisible to Windows programmers. However, the layers of abstraction that help programmers avoid dealing with device-specific issues have caused applications lacking the speed required for games. In OpenGL, GDI can be bypassed entirely. OpenGL API can access directly with graphics hardware. OpenGL does not directly support any form of windowing menus or input. The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) is a set of support libraries available to provide basic functionality in many areas, while remaining platform independent. For instance, GLUT- based applications can be easily ported from Windows to Unix. GLUT is easy to use and learn. Although it does not provide all the functionality that the operating system offers, it works well for simple applications. 7 1. 5 Programming Environment Her, we intend to use computer games as programming examples to illustrate the different concepts in C such as branching, looping, functions, arrays, strings, structures and file I/O. Advanced computer games such as role playing games, adventure games and simulation games require complex 3-D graphics to make the virtual game world realistic. As such, only traditional, simple games that only require simple 2-D graphics such as drawing lines, rectangles and polygons are discussed. Windows API, MFC library and DirectX are only available in Windows platform, while OpenGL is an open source that can be available in both Windows and Unix platforms. Here, we have chosen OpenGL and GLUT as the graphics driver for supporting different 2-D and 3-D graphics API for the developed game programs. Microsoft’s Visual C/C++ is used for the development of the game programs in the Windows environment. OpenGL and GLUT are required to be installed within the Microsoft’s Visual C/C++ environment. We will also discuss the installation of OpenGL and GLUT for Microsofts Visual C/C++. View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT 3D computer graphics, Application programming interface, DirectX, Game, Graphics Device Interface, OpenGL, Video game genres, Windows API RELATED DOCUMENTS Different Types of Computer Games ? Different Types of Computer Games Genres Role-Playing Games (RPGs): These type of games immerse players in a fictional setting wherein they control a character and must advance through the game through social interaction with non-playable characters (NPCs), decision making that can change the outcome of the game and player advancement such as skill trees and levelling up. These games can be 2795 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Video Game V GE4102 Video Game: History, Industry, Society and Creative Group Project: Instructor: Dick Thung Group members: Wong King Shan 51827746 Kwok Ho Yin 51824559 Chan Kin Wa 51836509 Hui Hon Sum 51823145 Chau Yau Chi 51492837 Choi Hoi Yu 51807840 1. Introduction of the game This is a role-playing game while role-playing game (RPG and sometimes roleplaying game) is a game in which players 2795 Words | 6 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Computer Games Addiction years old, had been addicted to play computer games regularly. From the statistics statement, we know that quarter of teenagers population age group had been tend to play computer games will spend more in front of computer games than do other activities. Computer games well known as a medium of terror type, some games also adapted by fairytales books,and also, there are many type of 2795 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Effects of Computer Games in Education â€Å"EFFECTS OF COMPUTER GAMES IN EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLEGE STUDENTS OF HOLY CROSS COLLEGE† In modern society, it is very common playing computer games. Eventhough computer games are common in our life, they have not only good effects, but also bad effects, especially to teenagers. Moreover, even though parents know that teenagers play computer games too 2795 Words | 4 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT The Game Michelle Acherman Essay â€Å"The Game† Every person has a different way of viewing success. In the movie â€Å"The Game†, each of the characters views success in their own specific and distinct ways. Nicholas has a more materialistic view of success contrasted by Conrad who lives a more easygoing life and Christine who is mostly a balance between the two. The various characters such as Nicholas, Conrad and Christine will achieve their success at the end 2795 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Computer Games COMPUTER GAMES An undergraduate research paper presented to the faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Espano, Rhodie L. In partial fulfillment at the requirement In English 2 (Writing in the Disipline) October 19, 2012 OUTLINE THESIS STATEMENT: The life of the typical students become computer addicts characterized by spent in gaming, not attending in the class, and socializing with another

Canterbury Tales Beowulf And Knight Essays - Beowulf,

Canterbury Tales Beowulf And Knight All throughout literature there are characters that can be compared to each other. Two examples are the Knight from the Canterbury Tales and Beowulf from Beowulf. These two fictional characters exhibit both similar and diverse qualities. Their quest, society's opinion, and religious beliefs show both of these qualities. Victory is the quest of any great warrior. The reasons for war between the Knight and Beowulf are to be disputed. The Knight fights in religious wars. This means that he fights for God. On the other hand, Beowulf fights only to kill. Beowulf fights to obtain bragging rights. Both of these men fight for the good of others. Although Beowulf wants bragging rights, he dies to save his people. "I sold my life for this treasure, and I sold it well. Take what I leave, Wiglaf, lead my people, help them; my time is gone." In society, the public's view of a man means everything. Both are seen as heroes, but the Knight's reputation shows better than that of Beowulf. The Knight, the most admired of all the characters in the Canterbury Tales, is very humble and modest. "And in his bearing modest as a maid..." The Knight resists any temptation to boast. Beowulf boasts of all his victories and amazing feats. Though ridiculed by many, Beowulf thinks that popularity means everything. He enjoys hearing people talk of his greatness, and he especially likes compliments. In the Canterbury Tales, religion is the main topic of discussion. The characters in the story are satirically described as moral or immoral. The Knight is moral. He believes in God and goes to church in his battle clothes just to be near God. While in church he asks for forgiveness for the slaying that goes on in the wars in which he participates. Beowulf is also moral. He not only believes in God, but also pagan gods. In this age in time it is accepted to believe in God and other gods. Opposed to Beowulf's society, in the Knights age in time the worship of pagan gods was unacceptable and unheard of. They are both heroes because of the things that were acceptable in their time. Beowulf is a hero for slaying horrible beasts. The Knight is a Christian man who spends his life fighting in the name of God. The writer never mentions of Beowulf going to church. It also does not mention of Beowulf asking for forgiveness for the slaying of others. The Knight and Beowulf are two fictional characters that spend most of their time fighting. They both are moral, but some of their qualities are quite different. The Knight, humble and virtuous, loves God and does anything for Him. Beowulf, boastful and arrogant, loves attention but dies to save his people. Both men are heroes in their time.

Free Essays on Man And Aviation

Man and Flight Man’s dream of flying has been apparent almost as long as mankind himself. However, the concept of an aircraft has only been around for approximately two hundred years. Before this time, man tried to fulfill this dream by mimicking the birds. They first built machines called ornithopters to utilize mans own power to propel himself through the air. It did not take long for the inventors to realize that this concept was not practical for human flight. It took about twenty more years for technology to catch up. Beginning around 1783, a few aeronauts, as they were known, made daring uncontrolled flights in â€Å"lighter-than-air† balloons, but it was soon realized that this was not a practical way to fly either. It wasn’t until the early nineteenth century that Sir George Cayley designed the first true fixed wing flying machine. His design used a kite mounted to a stick with a moveable tail and rows of flappers under the wings for thrust. Cayley’s craft however, still did not utilize the principle of engine propulsion. In 1900, a man named of Gustave Whitehead had been building and flying gliders for the Boston Aeronautical Society when he decided to start experimenting with a flying machine of his own. His design, which had foldable wings and a motor, took roughly a year and a half to construct. Although highly controversial, Whitehead claimed that on August 14, 1901 he piloted the world’s first motorized flight, which was approximately two years before the Wright Brothers infamous flight in Kitty Hawk. On this day, Whitehead had a series of four flights the longest was said to cover one and a half miles at an altitude of two hundred feet. These notable claims remain in question to this day due to fact that Whitehead failed to record flight attempts and successes throughout his experiments. The only data for any of his experiments are estimates of witnesses who were present at the flights. (Gustave Whitehe... Free Essays on Man And Aviation Free Essays on Man And Aviation Man and Flight Man’s dream of flying has been apparent almost as long as mankind himself. However, the concept of an aircraft has only been around for approximately two hundred years. Before this time, man tried to fulfill this dream by mimicking the birds. They first built machines called ornithopters to utilize mans own power to propel himself through the air. It did not take long for the inventors to realize that this concept was not practical for human flight. It took about twenty more years for technology to catch up. Beginning around 1783, a few aeronauts, as they were known, made daring uncontrolled flights in â€Å"lighter-than-air† balloons, but it was soon realized that this was not a practical way to fly either. It wasn’t until the early nineteenth century that Sir George Cayley designed the first true fixed wing flying machine. His design used a kite mounted to a stick with a moveable tail and rows of flappers under the wings for thrust. Cayley’s craft however, still did not utilize the principle of engine propulsion. In 1900, a man named of Gustave Whitehead had been building and flying gliders for the Boston Aeronautical Society when he decided to start experimenting with a flying machine of his own. His design, which had foldable wings and a motor, took roughly a year and a half to construct. Although highly controversial, Whitehead claimed that on August 14, 1901 he piloted the world’s first motorized flight, which was approximately two years before the Wright Brothers infamous flight in Kitty Hawk. On this day, Whitehead had a series of four flights the longest was said to cover one and a half miles at an altitude of two hundred feet. These notable claims remain in question to this day due to fact that Whitehead failed to record flight attempts and successes throughout his experiments. The only data for any of his experiments are estimates of witnesses who were present at the flights. (Gustave Whitehe...

Critically discuss how speakers notions of both tellability and Essay

Critically discuss how speakers notions of both tellability and tellership (as defined by Ochs & Capps 2001) have been found to differ depending on their gender - Essay Example When there are many tellers, multiple narratives overlap, interact and create a comprehensive, new narrative. Sometimes, a narrative is defeated by a counter-narrative also (Ochs and Capps, 2001, 43). This concept can also be elaborated as; â€Å"tellability is related not only to the sensational nature of events but also to the significance of events for particular interlocutors and the way in which events are rhetorically shaped in narrative† (Ochs and Capps, 2001, 34). There have also been other definitions for tellability and tellership. Duranti (2006, 282) has said that â€Å"tellability refers to the significance of the narrated experience and the rhetorical style in which it is related.† He (2006, Duranti, 282) also added that some experience have high tellability and some have low. â€Å"Experience recounted as highly reportable (and) in a compelling manner† is considered as highly tellable and â€Å"experience recounted as moderately reportable and in an uncompelling manner† is evaluated as having low tellability (Duranti, 2006, 282). Tellability has bee n defined by Herman (2009, 382), by drawing ideas from many other scholars (Herman 2002; Labov 1972; Waletzky 1969; Norrick 2007; Prince 1987; Ryan 1991), as â€Å"that which makes an event or configuration of events relevantly reportable†¦ in a given communication situation†. Another simple definition for tellability is that when we say â€Å"stories need to have tellability†¦.they need to have a point† to make† (from Male Narrative pdf that you gave [Author’s name is needed here, you have not given me the name], 21). There are two conflicting factors in a narrative, according to Ochs and Capps (2001,24). They are, â€Å"narrators’ yearning for coherence of life experience and their yearning for authenticity† (Ochs and Capps, 2001, 24). A woman’s narrative always tend to favor coherence of life experience even at the cost